Townships have always been social sinkholes where people need land to live and produce food, which is critical for tackling rising hunger. Hence, Mazibuko Jara proposes that radical solutions are required to resolve South Africa’s land crisis. This includes the transformation of townships into livable places by giving them better treatment.

While the impact of the colonial civilization project plausibly left pain, grief, and deprivation, its victims have continued to use it as their main point of reference to navigate the black-and-white spaces.

Missionaries’ arrival negatively impacted African languages and customs. Focused on ‘civilising’ and converting Africans to Christianity, they saw themselves as bringing enlightenment.

The MK Party represents a creative approach to internal realignment within the ANC but operates beyond the party’s direct control. Except for Nelson Mandela, the last two presidents of democratic South Africa (Mbeki and Zuma) faced insurmountable opposition during their final terms.

This article examines the intricate phenomenon of ‘inclusion-to-exclude’ within the context of reshaping South African identity post-apartheid and the concurrent efforts to transform local economies.